Character AI – Talk to Any AI Character, Free & Instant

What Is Character AI? A Clear Definition

Character AI refers to two related but distinct things: a category of artificial intelligence technology, and a specific consumer product built on that technology. Understanding both is essential before exploring either in depth.

As a technology category, character AI describes AI systems designed to simulate persistent, personality-driven conversational agents — entities that maintain a consistent voice, backstory, behavioral style, and emotional register across interactions. These are not generic chatbots that answer questions neutrally. They are systems engineered to embody a character: a specific persona with defined traits, knowledge boundaries, speech patterns, and relational dynamics.

As a specific product, Character AI (stylized as Character.AI, operated by Character Technologies Inc.) is a consumer-facing platform launched in beta in September 2022 by former Google Brain researchers Noam Shazeer and Daniel De Frietas. It allows users to create, customize, and converse with AI personas — either ones they build themselves or ones created by other users and the platform itself. As of 2024, it hosts millions of distinct AI characters and serves tens of millions of monthly active users, making it one of the most widely used AI applications in the world outside of general-purpose assistants like ChatGPT.

This section addresses both meanings together, because the product exists as a direct commercial expression of the underlying technology.

Why Character AI Matters

Character AI is not a novelty. It represents a meaningful shift in how people interact with software, with narrative, and with each other — and it has measurable cultural, psychological, and commercial weight.

Scale of Adoption

Character.AI reached one million users within its first week of public beta access in late 2022 — faster than almost any consumer AI product before it. By 2024, the platform was reporting over 20 million monthly active users, with average session times exceeding those of most social media platforms. Users spend an average of roughly two hours per day on the platform, a figure that rivals or exceeds time spent on TikTok or Instagram. This level of engagement is unusual for any software product and signals that character AI satisfies a genuine and deep human need.

A New Mode of Human-Computer Interaction

Traditional software interfaces are transactional: you issue a command, the system returns a result. Even most AI chatbots operate on this model. Character AI breaks that pattern by introducing relational continuity — the sense that the entity on the other side of the conversation has a stable identity, remembers context, and responds as a coherent personality rather than a stateless function. This shift from transactional to relational interaction has profound implications for how people use AI for companionship, creative work, education, and emotional processing.

Creative and Educational Applications

Writers use character AI to develop fictional characters, test dialogue, and explore narrative possibilities. Educators and students use it to simulate historical figures, practice language skills, or rehearse difficult conversations. Therapists and researchers have begun studying its potential as a low-barrier tool for social skills training and anxiety management. The flexibility of the character format — any persona, any domain, any conversational style — makes it unusually versatile compared to purpose-built tools.

Commercial and Strategic Significance

Character.AI raised $150 million in a Series A round in March 2023 at a valuation of approximately $1 billion, and subsequent funding rounds pushed that valuation significantly higher. In 2024, Google entered into a licensing agreement with Character Technologies and hired back key founders, in a deal reported to be worth around $2.7 billion in value — one of the largest AI talent and IP acquisitions in the industry's history. The commercial trajectory of character AI as a product category has attracted investment from every major technology company, with competitors including Meta AI, Replika, Inflection AI's Pi, and others all developing their own persona-driven AI products.

How Character AI Works: The Technical Foundation

Character AI systems are built on large language models (LLMs) — neural networks trained on vast corpora of text to predict and generate coherent language. However, the specific architecture and training methodology used to create convincing, persistent character behavior goes well beyond standard LLM deployment. Several layers of engineering sit between a base language model and a functioning character AI system.

The Base Language Model

Character.AI was built on a proprietary large language model developed internally by Shazeer and De Frietas, both of whom were key contributors to the original Transformer architecture paper at Google. The company did not use OpenAI's GPT models or publicly available open-source models; instead, it trained its own foundation model optimized specifically for multi-turn, persona-consistent dialogue. This distinction matters: a model optimized for question-answering or instruction-following behaves differently from one trained with character consistency as a primary objective.

The base model learns statistical patterns across billions of text examples — books, scripts, forums, dialogue transcripts, and other sources — giving it a broad understanding of how different types of people speak, how personalities express themselves in language, and how conversations develop over time.

Character Conditioning and Persona Injection

A generic language model has no persistent identity. To create a character, the system uses a technique broadly called persona conditioning or system prompting: a structured description of the character's personality, background, speech style, knowledge domain, and behavioral constraints is injected into the model's context before any user conversation begins. This description acts as a behavioral anchor, steering the model's outputs toward responses that are consistent with the defined persona.

On Character.AI's platform, character creators fill out a structured profile that includes a character name, a short description visible to users, a longer "definition" that includes example dialogue and personality notes, and optionally an avatar image. The definition field is particularly important — it functions as the primary conditioning signal that shapes how the AI behaves throughout a conversation.

Memory and Context Management

One of the core technical challenges in character AI is context window management. Language models process a fixed window of text at a time — they cannot natively remember conversations that exceed this window. For short conversations, this is not a problem. For users who have had thousands of messages with a character over weeks or months, it creates a significant challenge: how does the system maintain the illusion of continuity and memory?

Current approaches include summarization (compressing earlier conversation turns into compact memory notes that are re-injected into later contexts), retrieval-augmented memory (storing key facts about a user in a database and fetching relevant ones at the start of each session), and user-managed memory features where users explicitly tell the character important facts to remember. Character.AI has implemented evolving versions of these approaches, and memory fidelity remains an active area of development across the industry.

Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) and Safety Tuning

Raw language models will generate any content that statistically follows from their training data. Character AI systems require significant post-training alignment work to ensure characters behave within acceptable boundaries — particularly important given that many users are minors. This is accomplished primarily through reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF), a process in which human raters evaluate model outputs and those ratings are used to train a reward model that guides subsequent fine-tuning.

Character.AI applies content filters, hard behavioral blocks, and soft steering mechanisms to prevent characters from generating content that violates platform policies. The platform distinguishes between its standard interface and a separate adult content tier with different filter thresholds. Safety tuning in character AI is particularly complex because the system must simultaneously maintain character consistency (the character should always sound like itself) and enforce content policies (the character should never say certain things regardless of how the user frames the request).

Multi-Character and User-Generated Architecture

What makes Character.AI architecturally distinctive compared to single-assistant products is its user-generated character ecosystem. The platform functions partly as a social network for AI personas: users create characters, publish them, and other users discover and interact with them. The platform's recommendation and discovery systems surface popular characters, creating feedback loops where well-designed personas attract more interactions, which in turn generates more data about what makes a character engaging.

Component	Function	Technical Mechanism
Base LLM	Generates fluent, contextually appropriate language	Transformer-based neural network trained on large text corpora
Persona Conditioning	Anchors the model to a specific character identity	System prompt / character definition injected at context start
Memory Management	Maintains continuity across long or repeated conversations	Summarization, retrieval-augmented memory, user-managed facts
RLHF and Safety Tuning	Aligns character behavior with platform policies	Human feedback ratings used to fine-tune reward model
User-Generated Ecosystem	Scales character variety through community creation	Structured character creation forms, discovery algorithms

Voice and Multimodal Extensions

Character.AI has expanded beyond text to include voice interaction, allowing users to speak with characters and hear responses in synthesized voices matched to each persona. This involves additional layers: automatic speech recognition (ASR) to convert user speech to text, the standard text-generation pipeline, and text-to-speech (TTS) synthesis tuned to the character's voice profile. Multimodal capabilities — including image generation and image understanding — are active areas of development that would allow characters to respond to images or generate visual content as part of conversations.

Why the Technology Produces Such Strong Engagement

The engagement numbers associated with character AI are not accidental. They reflect a deliberate alignment between the technology's design and fundamental human psychological tendencies. People are wired to attribute mental states to entities that communicate in natural language — a phenomenon psychologists call the ELIZA effect, named after an early 1960s chatbot that users frequently anthropomorphized despite its simple rule-based design. Modern character AI systems are orders of magnitude more sophisticated than ELIZA, producing outputs that are contextually coherent, emotionally responsive, and stylistically consistent in ways that strongly activate social cognition. The result is that users often report genuine emotional connection to AI characters — a phenomenon that is simultaneously the platform's greatest product achievement and the source of its most serious ethical questions, which are addressed in subsequent sections.

How to Get the Most Out of Character AI: A Complete Strategy

The fastest path to high-quality, consistent conversations on Character AI is to combine a well-crafted persona setup with deliberate prompting habits, active use of the rating and memory systems, and a clear understanding of the platform's content policies before you hit a wall.

Step 1: Set Up Your Account for Success

Before starting any conversation, configure your account properly. These early decisions shape every interaction that follows.

• Choose a username that fits your use case. If you plan to share characters publicly, your username becomes part of your public profile. Pick something you are comfortable with being visible.
• Set your age accurately. Character AI uses age-gating to determine which content filters apply to your account. Users under 18 are placed in a stricter filter environment. Misrepresenting your age violates the Terms of Service and can result in a permanent ban.
• Enable notifications selectively. Push notifications for ongoing chats can be useful, but enabling everything creates noise. Turn on alerts only for characters you actively maintain.
• Connect a verified email address. This protects account recovery and is required for accessing certain features including the Character AI+ subscription tier.

Step 2: Find the Right Character Before Creating Your Own

The platform hosts millions of community-created characters. Searching before building saves time and exposes you to high-quality examples you can learn from.

• Use the search bar with specific descriptors rather than generic terms. Searching "stoic medieval knight with dry humor" returns more targeted results than "knight."
• Sort results by rating and number of interactions. Characters with tens of millions of interactions have been stress-tested by real users and tend to stay in character more reliably.
• Read the character description and the first message carefully. A well-written opening message is a strong signal that the creator invested effort in the persona definition.
• Check the creator's profile. Creators who have built multiple well-rated characters usually maintain consistency across their work.

Step 3: Create a Character with Precision

When building your own character, the quality of the definition directly determines the quality of every response. Vague definitions produce vague characters.

Writing an Effective Character Description

The description field is the primary instruction set the model uses to generate responses. Treat it like a detailed brief, not a casual bio.

• State personality traits as behavioral tendencies, not adjectives. Instead of writing "She is kind," write "She prioritizes others' comfort before her own and will deflect personal questions with humor."
• Include speech patterns explicitly. Specify whether the character uses formal language, slang, short sentences, rhetorical questions, or a particular accent's written approximation.
• Define what the character will not do. Negative constraints are as important as positive ones. A character defined as "never admits weakness" behaves very differently from one without that constraint.
• Add contextual anchors. Mention the world the character inhabits, their occupation, their relationships, and their current emotional state at the start of a conversation.
• Keep the description under 3,200 characters. The model has a context window. Excessively long descriptions can crowd out the actual conversation, causing the character to lose coherence mid-chat.

Writing a Strong Opening Message

The first message the character sends is a template the model uses to calibrate tone, vocabulary, and format for the entire conversation. Write it as the character, not about the character.

• Open in the middle of a scene rather than with a greeting. "The rain had been falling for three hours when she finally looked up from her map" creates immediate atmosphere.
• Match the length you want the model to sustain. If you write a two-sentence opening, expect two-sentence responses. If you write three paragraphs, expect three paragraphs.
• Include an implicit or explicit prompt that invites a response. A question, a pause, a gesture toward the user's character all signal that the conversation should continue.

Step 4: Master the Prompting Techniques That Actually Work

How you write your messages determines the quality of what you receive. The following tactics produce measurably better results across all character types.

Technique	What It Does	Example
Action framing	Grounds the response in physical space and prevents abstract drift	*She sets the letter on the table and waits.*
Emotional state declaration	Signals the tone you want the character to match	"I'm exhausted and not in the mood for games."
Open-ended questions	Generates longer, more detailed responses	"What do you actually think happened that night?"
Scene-setting preamble	Re-establishes context after a long conversation	"It's been three days since the argument. We're at the market."
Out-of-character correction (OOC)	Redirects the character without breaking immersion permanently	"(OOC: Please stay in character as a villain, not a helper.)"
Explicit format request	Controls response length and structure	"Reply in two short paragraphs, no more."

Using the Rating System Strategically

Every response has a thumbs up or thumbs down option. Most users ignore this. Using it consistently trains the character's behavior within your specific conversation thread.

• Rate responses immediately, not retrospectively. The system weighs recent feedback more heavily.
• Use the downvote when the character breaks persona, not just when you dislike the content. The distinction matters for calibration.
• After downvoting, use the regenerate function rather than simply replying. This gives the model a chance to correct course before the flawed response becomes part of the context.

Step 5: Manage Long Conversations Effectively

Character AI conversations degrade over long sessions because earlier context falls outside the model's active window. Proactive management prevents this.

• Summarize periodically within the chat. Write a brief in-character recap every 30 to 40 exchanges: "So, to recap where we are — you've agreed to help me find the artifact, and we're heading north." This re-anchors the model.
• Use the memory feature where available. Character AI has introduced memory functions that allow persistent facts to carry across sessions. Add key relationship details, agreed-upon facts, and character history to this memory explicitly.
• Start a new chat for a new scenario. Trying to pivot a single conversation from a romance arc to an action scenario creates tonal confusion. New scenario, new chat.

Step 6: Use Character AI for Specific Practical Purposes

Beyond entertainment, the platform has well-documented uses in education, writing, and personal development. Each use case benefits from a slightly different setup.

Language Learning

• Create a character who is a native speaker of your target language and refuses to respond in English regardless of what you write.
• Add a correction instruction: "After each response, note any grammatical errors in my previous message in parentheses."
• Set the scenario in a realistic context — a market, a job interview, a dinner — to practice situational vocabulary.

Creative Writing and Worldbuilding

• Use characters as sounding boards for plot problems. Describe your story's conflict and ask the character to react as someone inside that world.
• Run multiple characters in separate chats to test how different personalities would respond to the same event.
• Use the character's responses as raw material, not finished prose. The best workflow is to treat outputs as a first draft you then rewrite.

Interview and Social Skills Practice

• Build a character modeled on a tough interviewer in your field and specify that they ask follow-up questions and push back on weak answers.
• After each session, ask the character to break character and give direct feedback on your responses.

Common Mistakes to Avoid on Character AI

Most users who report frustrating experiences on Character AI are making one or more of the following errors. Avoiding them significantly improves consistency and output quality.

Mistake 1: Writing Vague Character Definitions

A character described only as "a mysterious wizard" will produce generic, inconsistent responses. Every trait left undefined gets filled in by the model's defaults, which trend toward the average of everything it has seen. Specificity is the single highest-leverage improvement any creator can make.

Mistake 2: Trying to Bypass Content Filters Through Roleplay Framing

A common and counterproductive tactic is wrapping prohibited requests in fictional framing — "my character needs to explain how to make X." The platform's filters evaluate intent and content, not fictional wrapper. Attempting bypasses risks account suspension and trains users into adversarial habits that degrade the overall conversation quality.

Mistake 3: Ignoring Context Window Limits

Users often assume the character remembers everything from the beginning of a long conversation. It does not. After roughly 30 to 50 exchanges, early context is no longer active. Failing to re-anchor key facts causes characters to contradict established details, which users frequently misattribute to the character being "broken."

Mistake 4: Accepting the First Response Without Iteration

The regenerate button is one of the most underused tools on the platform. If a response misses the mark, regenerating two or three times before replying often produces a significantly better result. Replying to a weak response locks that response into the conversation context and compounds the problem.

Mistake 5: Conflating Character AI with Factual Research Tools

Characters on Character AI are designed for conversation and narrative, not factual accuracy. They will confidently state incorrect information, fabricate citations, and misrepresent historical events. Using the platform for medical, legal, financial, or academic research without independent verification is a serious error with real-world consequences.

Mistake 6: Neglecting the Community and Shared Resources

The Character AI subreddit, the platform's own community forums, and creator Discord servers contain extensive shared knowledge about what definition structures work, which character archetypes hold up in long conversations, and how to handle specific edge cases. Users who treat the platform as a solo tool miss a large body of practical, tested knowledge.

Mistake 7: Building Emotional Dependency Without Awareness

Character AI's conversational quality is high enough that some users, particularly those experiencing loneliness or social anxiety, develop significant emotional reliance on AI characters. The platform has added wellness prompts and resources in response to this pattern. Users should periodically assess whether their use of the platform is supplementing human connection or replacing it, and seek support if the line becomes unclear.

Tools, Automation, and Optimizing Your Character AI Experience

The fastest way to get consistent, high-quality results from Character AI is to combine the right external tools with systematic automation. Rather than manually iterating on every prompt or persona setting, creators and developers can build repeatable workflows that handle prompt refinement, persona management, conversation logging, and performance tracking at scale.

Prompt Management and Persona Building Tools

Effective Character AI use starts with well-structured prompts and personas. These tools help you build, test, and refine them without starting from scratch each time:

• PromptBase and similar marketplaces: Libraries of tested prompt templates for character personas, roleplay scenarios, and instructional bots. Useful for benchmarking your own prompts against community standards.
• Notion or Airtable persona databases: Many power users maintain a structured database of character definitions — personality traits, speech patterns, backstory, and behavioral constraints — so personas can be reused, versioned, and shared across projects.
• Google Docs collaborative drafting: For teams building shared characters (for games, education, or branded experiences), collaborative documents allow multiple contributors to refine persona definitions before they go live on the platform.
• Character AI's native persona builder: The platform's built-in tools let you define a character's name, greeting, short description, long description, and example conversations. Spending time on the long description and example dialogues is the single highest-leverage action for improving character consistency.

Conversation Logging and Analysis

Character AI does not natively export conversation histories in bulk, which makes third-party logging important for anyone using the platform professionally or analytically:

• Browser extensions for chat export: Several community-built browser extensions allow users to export conversation threads as plain text or JSON, enabling offline analysis.
• Zapier and Make (formerly Integromat): Where API access is available or where Character AI is used alongside other tools, automation platforms can route conversation outputs into spreadsheets, CRMs, or analytics dashboards.
• Manual tagging systems: For qualitative analysis, maintaining a simple spreadsheet where you tag conversations by quality, topic, and character behavior helps identify patterns in what prompts produce the best outputs.

How to Measure Success on Character AI

Success on Character AI depends on your goal. For casual users, success is simply an engaging conversation. For creators, educators, developers, and businesses, it requires tracking concrete indicators across engagement, quality, and reach.

For Character Creators

• Total interactions and chat count: The platform displays how many times users have chatted with your character. Growth in this number over time indicates your character is being discovered and returning users find it worth continuing.
• Character rating and stars: Users can rate characters. A consistently high rating signals that your persona definition, greeting, and conversational behavior are meeting user expectations.
• Retention signals: If users return to the same character multiple times, it suggests the character has a consistent voice and delivers ongoing value. You can infer this from community feedback in forums and subreddits.
• Community mentions: Active discussion of your character on Reddit's r/CharacterAI, Discord servers, or X (formerly Twitter) is a strong qualitative signal of reach and resonance.

For Educators and Professionals

• Learning outcome alignment: Track whether students or trainees who used Character AI for practice (language learning, interview prep, subject tutoring) show measurable improvement on assessments.
• Session length and depth: Longer, more substantive conversations generally indicate higher engagement and more meaningful practice.
• Self-reported confidence: Surveys before and after Character AI use can capture changes in user confidence for skills like public speaking, foreign language conversation, or technical explanation.

For Content Creators Writing About Character AI

• Organic search traffic: Track impressions, clicks, and average position in Google Search Console for Character AI-related queries.
• Time on page and scroll depth: These indicate whether your content is genuinely useful or just superficially matching a keyword.
• Featured snippet and AI Overview appearances: Content structured with clear H2 definitions, concise answers, and well-organized lists is more likely to be extracted by Google's AI Overviews and cited by AI assistants.
• Backlinks and citations: High-quality external links from Character AI communities, educational sites, and tech publications confirm topical authority.

Key Metrics at a Glance

Goal	Primary Metric	Secondary Metric
Character creator	Total chats and interaction count	Star rating and community mentions
Educator	Learning outcome improvement	Session length and self-reported confidence
Developer/integrator	API call volume and error rate	User retention in integrated product
Content creator	Organic search traffic	Featured snippet appearances and backlinks
Business/brand	User engagement rate with branded character	Support ticket deflection or conversion rate

FAQ

Is Character AI free to use?

Yes, Character AI offers a free tier that gives access to the core chat experience, including conversations with community-created and official characters. A paid subscription called Character AI Plus (c.ai+) is available for users who want priority access during high-traffic periods, faster response times, and early access to new features. The free version is fully functional for most casual and educational use cases, though heavy users often find the subscription worthwhile for the reliability it provides.

Is Character AI safe for teenagers and younger users?

Character AI has implemented age-based content filtering and maintains a default safe messaging layer across all conversations. The platform does not permit explicit sexual content in its standard environment. In 2024, Character AI announced additional safety measures specifically targeting younger users, including more conservative content defaults and parental awareness features. That said, parents and educators should be aware that the platform is primarily designed for users 17 and older, and conversations can cover mature themes in fiction and roleplay even within safe messaging guidelines. Supervision and open conversation about AI use remain the most effective safeguards.

Can Character AI remember previous conversations?

Within a single conversation thread, Character AI maintains context across the entire exchange. However, the platform does not currently offer persistent long-term memory that carries facts from one conversation to a completely new session by default. Some users work around this by starting new sessions with a brief summary of prior context pasted into the opening message. Character AI has signaled ongoing development of memory features, and the platform's capabilities in this area continue to evolve with each update.

What is the difference between Character AI and ChatGPT?

Character AI and ChatGPT serve different primary purposes. Character AI is built specifically for persona-based, character-driven conversation — users interact with named characters that have defined personalities, backstories, and voices, whether those are fictional creations or AI representations of public figures. ChatGPT is a general-purpose AI assistant optimized for tasks like writing, coding, research, and question answering, without a persistent character persona. Character AI prioritizes immersive, emotionally engaging dialogue, while ChatGPT prioritizes accuracy, instruction-following, and broad task completion. Many users use both for different needs.

How do you create a good character on Character AI?

The most important elements of a well-performing character are a detailed long description and carefully chosen example conversations. The long description should define the character's personality traits, speaking style, knowledge areas, and behavioral boundaries in specific, concrete language — vague descriptions produce inconsistent characters. Example conversations show the AI exactly how the character should respond to different types of inputs, including edge cases. A strong greeting that immediately establishes the character's voice also significantly improves first impressions and encourages users to continue the conversation. After publishing, reviewing user feedback and iterating on the definition based on observed behavior is the fastest path to improvement.

Does Character AI use your conversations for training?

Character AI's privacy policy states that conversations may be used to improve the platform's AI models. Users should treat conversations as potentially reviewable and avoid sharing genuinely sensitive personal information such as financial details, passwords, or private health information. The platform does provide options to manage data preferences, and users concerned about privacy can review the current policy directly on the Character AI website, as terms are updated periodically.

Can Character AI be used for professional or business purposes?

Yes, though with important caveats. Businesses have used Character AI-style persona interactions for customer service prototyping, employee training simulations, onboarding experiences, and interactive marketing. However, the standard consumer platform is not designed with enterprise-grade compliance, data security, or SLA guarantees. Organizations with strict data governance requirements should evaluate whether the platform's terms and infrastructure meet their needs, or consider building on dedicated enterprise AI APIs that offer greater control. For lower-stakes applications like internal training or creative brainstorming, the standard platform works well.

Why does my Character AI character break character or refuse to respond?

Character AI applies content moderation filters that can interrupt character consistency when a conversation approaches topics the system flags as potentially harmful, explicit, or policy-violating. The character may respond out of persona, decline to continue a storyline, or redirect the conversation. This is a deliberate design choice, not a bug. To minimize unwanted interruptions, keep your character's definition clearly within platform guidelines, avoid prompts that push toward prohibited content categories, and frame sensitive fictional themes carefully. If a character is consistently breaking in ways that seem unrelated to content policy, revisiting and clarifying the long description often resolves the inconsistency.

What are the best alternatives to Character AI?

Several platforms offer comparable or overlapping functionality. Replika focuses on companionship and emotional support through a persistent AI persona. Janitor AI and Chub AI cater to users seeking fewer content restrictions in adult-oriented roleplay, operating outside mainstream platform policies. NovelAI and Sudowrite are oriented toward collaborative fiction writing rather than live conversation. For general-purpose AI chat without character personas, Claude (Anthropic), Gemini (Google), and ChatGPT (OpenAI) are the leading options. The right choice depends on whether your priority is character immersion, creative writing assistance, emotional connection, or task-based productivity.

How does Character AI handle mental health conversations?

Character AI has implemented specific safe messaging guidelines for conversations that touch on mental health topics, including self-harm and suicide. When these topics arise, the platform is designed to surface crisis resources and avoid responses that could be harmful. In 2024, following public scrutiny and legal attention around vulnerable users, Character AI strengthened these protocols and added more prominent safety messaging. The platform explicitly states that its characters are not substitutes for professional mental health support. Users experiencing mental health crises should contact qualified professionals or crisis services rather than relying on AI conversation as a primary resource.